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Chapter 22

Section I: The Politics of Order








The Congress of Vienna









The Peace Terms
















Napoleon’s Hundred Days












Principles of International Order







Opposition to the Settlement
















The Pillars of the Restoration: Russia, Austria, Prussia

The Russian Empire












The Habsburg Empire







Prussia and the German Confederation

















The Test of Restoration: Spain, Italy, and France

Spain and Italy

•Allied leaders wanted peace to have order


•Revolutions broke in 1820-21 & ‘30, showing conservatism


•Congress of Vienna- September ‘14


•Officials, advisers, princesses and countesses, dancers, artist- Austria capital


•Klemens von Metternich (handsome, elegant, arrogant prince) led Austrian Empire to triumphing, Congress affairs with skill that his work was provisions


•Understood how much Napoleonic ambitions welded international alliance


•Metternich was foreign minister of Austria from ‘09-’49


◦Lord Castlereagh was his support


•Alexander I was more unpredictable, with enlightened education leading to mysticalness and conservative fear, and liking programs that scare Congress


•France was pressing, most wanted a sort of Monarch, with Treaty of Paris, from May ‘14, recognized Louis XVIII (brother of Louis XVI) as king


•Also allowed France expanded borders of ‘92, with Napoleonic lands waiting


•With wary watching, allies soon had Prince Talleyrand asFrenchrepresentativ


◦Was for bishop, First Republican, director, and Napoleon’s minister for 8 yrs.


•Talleyrand now served Louis XVIII to help France gain her former influence


•Most focused on Continental Europe, with Britain- Africa, Ceylon, Malta


•Europe was power sphere, keeping eye on Russia’s army, ambitions, and tsar


•Austria/Prussia/Russia argued over Poland, but didn’t want her freedom


•Russia had most of Poland, Prussia ½ Saxony, as well as some Rhineland territory and Austrian Netherlands (for Kingdom of Netherlands) to protect against France, while Austria gained Venetia and Lombardy, for N. Italy dom


•Duchies in N. Italy traveled to Dukes with tight Austrian ties


•Vienna agreements were most extensive since 1648’s treaty of Westphalia


•France was now surrounding by states that can check her power


•June ‘15 allowed 5 great powers (as well as Portugal, Spain, Sweden) to sign


•In March 1815, Napoleon escaped after trying to rule Elba and designing uniforms, hosted receptions, and questioned local economy, but wanting


•Landed south of France, with French army units as he went to Paris


•Louis XVIII waited in vain for resistance, then headed east by carriage


•Napoleon then took throne peacefully, then tried in vain to negotiate with ally


•After minor battles, suffered Waterloo defeat in June 18 to Britain, so that he was exiled to St. Helena in South Atlantic


•Napoleon’s 100 days altered peace termed and possibility of restoring monarc


•Allies defeated Napoleon, France paid indemnity, reduced boundaries to ‘89


•Bourbon retook throne, embarrassed by how easily Napoleon took power


•Napoleon used 100 days as liberal, banning French slave traffic, and constitu.


•In St. Helena, made Bonapartism way for national strength and social change


•‘15 Restoriations kept in mind the changes of past 25 years


•Bourbons had constitution, HRE/minor principalities/Austria/Prussia joined


•Vienna diplomats also used experts for technicalities of history/law


•Congress established free riverways and diplomatic rules for 100 year peace


•Talleyrand suggestied gov’ts needed to make something for tradition and public, but Tsar Alexander proposed *Holy Alliance, for Christain affairs


•*All signed but Ottoman (too little care), Pope (too much), and Britain (nope)


•International Holy Alliance was vague enough for signers, and their morals


•Wanters of change lambasted Congress as reactionary, due to territory shuffle


•In ‘20-’21, Italy and Spain had uprising from young army officers, who had memories of Napoleonic reform and wanted constitution for progression


•Metternich wanted snuff concert, but ally unamity was breaking down


•Britain didn’t want troops to shut down foreign const. gov’t, and thus didn’t attend conference to approve Austrian intervention of Naples and the call for France to use troops to extinguish Spanish revolution


•Some wanted to shut down Latin American revolts, where Spanish/Portugese colonies wanted to burst forth


•Britain sternly warned against it, Monroe Doctrine made Americas non Euro


•When Greeks revolted against Ottomans, Snuff Concert failed, and liberals became excited for the ancient democrats


•Metternich initially restrained Russia from Ottoman war, but British/French intervened when sultan almost snuffed Greeks, with Russia following in mon.


•Greece had ‘29 independence by Europe, on the condition that it had a king that was not from within a major ruling family, so that the uprising stopped


•BrFrRu had force willingness, interest occupation, and carving as foreshadow


•All reactionaries allowed for some changes


•As gov’ts needed to exert greater influence on subjects, governments needed to have greater concern to popular sentiment, leading to organization of state


•By ‘20, Alexander lost interest in new ideas, and was enemy of Metternich who used censorship, increased university restrictions, and ignored Poland c.


•Decembrists wanted constitution for essential step to efficient administration


•Poorly/planned conspirations were defeated, but were reminder of danger


•Nicholas I- Alex’s younger brother who succeeded him. with decisiveness preventing revolution and making strongest reactionary pillar


•Made bureaucracy more directly for the state, not for the nobles


•Many studied people. including high state officials, wanted studies on serfdom, but found it to be an unsolvable hinderance


•Gov’t wanted to create official philosophy from Russian Orthodox Church, with westernizers wanting Russia to be like Europe in education, was an issue


•Slavophiles argued that old Russian culture allowed Russia unique destiny


•Nicholas had pride in watching his empire of ‘48 escape Euro revolutions


•Maygar aristocracy had historical identity sense and power, though minority


•Francis I hesitantly allowed claims, thus by 40s Maygar replaced German as official administration and schooling language of Hungary


•Lojos Kossuth- Hungarian leading statesman who used newspapers/meetings


•Many a Polish Garcia rose to revolt in ‘46, thought soon suppressed


•Habsburg subjects were often divided by class/religion/language to help rule


•German’s called later battles vs Bonaparte Wars of Liberation and after that, Germany talk had meant more, with Vienna creating German Confederation


•Convention wanted some coordination between Germanic states, with stronger union prevented by Austria and Prussia, reform distate, and prince conflict


•German Confederation mattered in German politics at Metternich’s will


•Suppress nationalist and reformist student group agitation


•During 1817’s 300 Anniversary of Luther’s thesis with Wartburg Festival, many drank, listened to nationalist speech, sung, and burned cane/manual


•When reactionary writer was assassinated, Carlsbad Decrees of 1819 came to censor, proscribing dangerous professors/students, outlawing fraternity/club, conservativeness


•Less agitation in Confederation, rural lands thrived with complacent universities / market towns that shrug off large-scale politics


•Prussia made new but prestigious University of Berlin, with admin and army being models of efficiency, policies stimulating growth


•In ‘18, Prussia lowered tariffs, making raw materials free to eastern/western lands


•In a decade, smaller nearby states adopted this tariff


•Most important steps to unify Germany was made without clear nationalism


•Prussia wanted to win liberal institution benefits without liberal politics


•Conservative durability sought to impose was less for -ia autocracies, but new ones


•There, revolution/Bonapartism made politics woven into everything else


•In spain, Bourbon king Ferdinand VII regained throne in ‘14


•Had strength to denounce promised constitution, not much more


•Had patriotic resentment against French, but no inefficiency or national poverty


•Revolts from Jose e San Martin and Simon Bolivar became stronger


•King was forced to present constitution, and then struggled for three years


•Church opposition, freedom of press was more critical, and rebellious weren’t pleased